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Testing of Transmission and Distribution Lines before Commissioning

 Testing of Transmission and Distribution Lines before Commissioning Introduction Before energizing any transmission or distribution line, it is essential to carry out various tests to ensure electrical safety, mechanical integrity and reliable operation. These tests help in detecting faults, improper installation and insulation defects, thereby preventing accidents and equipment damage. Objectives of Line Testing To ensure safety of personnel and equipment To verify correctness of installation To detect insulation and earth faults To ensure reliable power supply Tests Carried Out Before Commissioning 1. Visual Inspection Check alignment of poles/towers Ensure proper sag and tension of conductors Verify condition of insulators and fittings Check danger plates, anti-climbing devices and earthing 2. Continuity Test Purpose: To ensure conductor continuity throughout the line. Method: Continuity tester or multimeter is used Confirms no open circuit or broken conductor 3. Insulation Res...
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Types of Transformers,

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                              TYPES OF TRANSFORMERS Transformers are classified based on different criteria: 1. Based on Voltage Level: Type Description Example Use Step-up Increases voltage (V₂ > V₁) Power stations → transmission Step-down Decreases voltage (V₂ < V₁) Transmission → homes 2. Based on Construction: Type Description Core Type Windings surround a large rectangular core limb Shell Type Core surrounds windings (sandwich-style) Berry Type Core looks like a spoke-wheel (circular type core) 3. Based on Phases: Type Description Single-phase Used in homes, small equipment Three-phase Used in industry and high-power systems 4. Based on Use / Application: Type Description Power Transformer Used in transmission (high voltage) Distribution Transformer Used to distribute power to houses, offices Instrument Transformer Measures current or voltage (used with meters) └─ CT (Current Transfor...
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Transformer, including its construction, working principle, and diagram

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                                   English TRANSFORMER ✅ Definition: A transformer is a static electrical device that transfers alternating current (AC) electrical energy from one circuit to another through electromagnetic induction , without changing the frequency. ⚙️ CONSTRUCTION OF TRANSFORMER: A transformer mainly consists of: Core : Made of laminated silicon steel . Provides a low reluctance path for magnetic flux. Reduces eddy current loss. Primary Winding : Connected to the input (AC supply). Receives electrical power and converts it to magnetic flux. Secondary Winding : Connected to the output load. Converts magnetic flux back to electrical power. Insulation : Separates the windings and core. Prevents short circuits. Tank and Cooling System : Outer shell filled with transformer oil . Used for insul...
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Electrical Units and Quantities

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                                 English SI Units in Basic Electrical  Quantity Symbol SI Unit Name SI Unit Symbol Definition Example Electric Charge Q Coulomb C 1 C = charge of ~6.24×10¹⁸ electrons Electric Current I Ampere A 1 A = 1 C/s (1 Coulomb per second) Voltage (Potential Difference) V Volt V 1 V = 1 J/C (1 Joule per Coulomb) Resistance R Ohm Ω (Omega) 1 Ω = 1 V/A Conductance G Siemens S 1 S = 1/Ω Power P Watt W 1 W = 1 J/s Energy E Joule J 1 J = 1 W × 1 s Capacitance C Farad F 1 F = 1 C/V Inductance L Henry H 1 H = 1 V·s/A Frequency f Hertz Hz 1 Hz = 1 cycle/sec Magnetic Flux Φ Weber Wb 1 Wb = 1 V·s  Types of Resistance (English) In electrical engineering, resistance is the property of a material to oppose the flow of electric current. There are different types ...
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Basic Electrical Concepts – Charge, Current, Voltage, Power & Energy

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                                 English Ohm’s Law (ओहम का नियम) 🟩 1. Definition (English) Ohm’s Law states that: “The current flowing through a conductor is directly proportional to the voltage across its ends, provided the temperature and other physical conditions remain constant.” Mathematically :      V = I × R Where: V = Voltage (Volts) I = Current (Amperes) R = Resistance (Ohms, Ω) Electric Charge 🔹 English: Definition: Electric charge is the basic property of matter responsible for electric force. It can be positive or negative. Unit: Coulomb (C) Example: A proton has +1.6 × 10⁻¹⁹ C charge. An electron has −1.6 × 10⁻¹⁹ C charge. Voltage (Potential Difference) 🔹 English: Definition: Voltage is the electric potential difference between two points. It is the energy per unit charge. Formula: V = W / Q Unit...
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